#Consensus

Byzantine Fault Tolerance in Modern Blockchains: PBFT vs HotStuff vs Tendermint

An authoritative distributed systems and blockchain engineering analysis. We evaluate Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), linear view-change pipelining in HotStuff, Tendermint BFT round consensus, and scaling validation to thousands of nodes.

Distributed Consensus in 2026: Raft vs Multi-Paxos vs Zab in Cloud Systems

An authoritative distributed systems engineering guide to consensus protocols. We analyze leader election terms, log replication invariants, split-brain quorum math, linearizable read leases, and how Raft replaced Paxos across modern cloud infrastructure.

Blockchain Explained Honestly: What It Solves, What It Doesn’t, and The Ledger (2026)